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Explore the proCentral™ Video Library

C-Spine & Head

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. Mandible – TMJ
  2. Zygomatic arch/cheeks
  3. Masseter/Parotids
  4. Salivary glands & lymph nodes
  5. Suprahyoid muscles
  6. SCM & Mastoid processes
  7. Temporal & carotid pulse
  8. Scalp & hair
  9. Ears & eye lids
  10. Upper trapezius
  11. Levatorscapulae
  12. Occipitalis & EOP
  13. Splenius capitis
  14. Semispinalis capitis
  15. Suboccipitals
  16. Muscles of facial expression
  17. Muscles of mastication
  18. Oral cavity (gloved hand)
  19. Facet joints / Articular pillars
  20. SPs & upper rib motion
  1. Flexion 80-90°
  2. Extension 60-70°
  3. Lateral Flexion 20-45°
  4. Rotation 70-90°
  5. TMJ 35-50 mm opening
  1. Eye movement
  2. Facial Expression
  3. Trapezius
  4. Levator Scapulae
  5. Splenius
  6. Scalenes
  7. Sub-Occipitals
  8. Longus Cervicus
  9. Masseter
  10. Temporalis
  11. Medial Pterygoid
  12. Suprahyoids
  1. Alar Ligament Stress Test
  2. Bakody’s Sign/Shoulder Abduction
  3. Brachial Plexus Compression Test
  4. Brachial Plexus Stretch Test
  5. Brudzinski’s Sign
  6. Cervical Compression Test
  7. Cervical Distraction Test
  8. Jull’s/Neck Flexor Endurance Test
  9. Lateral Shear Test
  10. L’hermitte’s / Cervical Hyperflexion
  11. Naffzinger’s Test
  12. Rust’s Sign
  13. Scalene Cramp Test
  14. Sharp-Purser Test
  15. Shoulder Depression
  16. TMJ Assessment
  17. Soto-Hall Test
  18. Swivel Chair (dizziness) Test
  19. TMJ 3 Knuckle Test
  20. Transverse Ligament Stress Test
  21. Valsalva Maneuver
  22. Vertebral Basilar Artery Tests
  23. Upper Limb Tension Tests
  1. Cervical radiculopathy
  2. Burner/Stinger
  3. Cervical facet syndrome
  4. Sprain/strain (whiplash)
  5. Cervical DJD
  6. Cervicogenic headache
  7. Migraine headache
  8. Cluster headache
  9. Pathologic headache
  10. Stroke or TIA
  11. Benign positional vertigo
  12. TMJ syndrome

Clinic Form DDx

T-Spine & Torso

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. SPs & TPs T1-L5
  2. Erector spinae
  3. Upper ribs
  4. Lower ribs
  5. Scapulae
  6. Trapezius
  7. Rhomboids
  8. Latissimus dorsi
  9. Quadratus lumborum
  10. Sternum / clavicle
  11. Supraclavicular fossa
  12. Axilla (anterior & posterior)
  13. Lymph nodes
  14. Pectoralis major/minor
  15. Sternoclavicular joint
  16. Sternocostal joints
  17. Abdominal muscles
  18. Diaphragm
  19. Abdominal viscera
  20. Abdominal aorta
  21. Ilium & sacrum
  1. Active range of motion (thoracic)
  2. Flexion……………20-45° (Adam’s sign for scoliosis)
  3. Extension……….25-45°
  4. Lateral flexion…20-40°
  5. Rotation………….35-50°
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Erector Spinae
  4. Pec Minor
  5. Serratus Anterior
  6. Quadratus Lumborum
  7. Rhomboids
  8. Subclavius
  9. Transversospinalis
  10. Rectus Abdominus
  11. Abdominal Obliques
  12. Transversus Abdominus
  1. Adam’s sign
  2. Dural Slump
  3. Scapular approximation
  4. Adson’s
  5. Halstead’s
  6. Wright’s hyperabduction
  7. Military brace test
  1. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
  2. Scoliosis
  3. Vertebral Epiphysitis
  4. Costochondritis
  5. Postural Syndrome
  6. Rib Subluxation
  7. Myocardial Infarction

Clinic Form DDx

L-Spine, Pelvis & SI

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. SPs & TPs T1-L5
  2. Erector spinae
  3. Upper ribs
  4. Lower ribs
  5. Scapulae
  6. Trapezius
  7. Rhomboids
  8. Latissimus dorsi
  9. Quadratus lumborum
  10. Sternum / clavicle
  11. Supraclavicular fossa
  12. Axilla (anterior & posterior)
  13. Lymph nodes
  14. Pectoralis major/minor
  15. Sternoclavicular joint
  16. Sternocostal joints
  17. Abdominal muscles
  18. Diaphragm
  19. Abdominal viscera
  20. Abdominal aorta
  21. Ilium & sacrum
  22. Sacrotuberous & Sacrospinous ligament
  23. SI joint
  1. Flexion 40-60°
  2. Extension 20-35°
  3. Lateral Flexion 15-20°
  4. Rotation 3-18°
  5. SI – Flexion/Extension 0-10°
  6. SI – Int./external rotation 0-10°
  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Iliopsoas
  3. Erector Spinae
  4. Quadratus Lumborum
  5. Transversospinalis
  6. Latissimus Dorsi
  7. Rectus Abdominus
  8. Abdominal Obliques
  9. Transversus Abdominus
  1. Straight leg raise (Laseque)
  2. Braggard’s test
  3. Bechterew’s (seated SLR)
  4. Belt test (SI vs lumbar)
  5. Kernig’s (Dural Slump)
  6. Burns Bench test
  7. Kemp’s (Quadrant)
  8. Lindner’s test
  9. Hoover test (malingering)
  10. Milgram test (leg lift test)
  11. Minor’s Sign
  12. Valsalva
  13. Murphy’s punch (kidney)
  1. Lumbar disc herniation
  2. Lumbar facet syndrome
  3. Lumbar sprain/strain
  4. Lumbar spondylolithesis
  5. Lumbar DJD
  6. Pelvic instability
  7. Leg length inequality
  8. Piriformis syndrome
  9. Ankylosing spondylitis
  10. Abdominal aneurysm

Clinic Form DDx

Shoulder & Arm

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. Trapezius & rhomboids
  2. Levator scapulae
  3. Scalenes
  4. Thoracic outlet
  5. C-spine, T-spine & ribs
  6. Deltoid muscle
  7. Supraspinatus
  8. Infraspinatus
  9. Teres minor
  10. AC & SC joint
  11. GH joint / rotator cuff
  12. Teres major
  13. Latissimus dorsi
  14. Subscapularis
  15. Serratus anterior
  16. Triceps brachii
  17. Pectoralis major & minor
  18. Coracoid process
  19. Coracobrachialis
  20. Biceps brachii & brachialis
  21. Bicipital groove
  22. Radial groove
  1. Flexion 160-180°
  2. Extension 50-60°
  3. Med./lat. rotation 90°/80°
  4. Abduction 180°
  5. Adduction 35°
  6. Horizontal Add./Abd. 130°/45°
  7. Scapulohumeral (humerus: scapula) 120°:60° (2:1)
  1. Deltoid
  2. Supraspinatus
  3. Infraspinatus
  4. Teres Minor
  5. Subscapularis
  6. Teres Major
  7. Serratus Anterior
  8. Pectoralis Major
  9. Coracobrachialis
  10. Biceps Brachii
  11. Brachialis
  12. Triceps Brachii
  1. AC sprain  
  2. Bicipital tendinopathy
  3. Brachial neuritis
  4. Calcific tendinopathy
  5. Frozen shoulder
  6. Glenohumeral instability
  7. Glenoid labral tear
  8. GH dislocation
  9. Supraspinatus imping
  10. Subscap. tendinopathy
  11. Supraspinatis tendonitis
  12. Thoracic outlet syn.

Clinic Form DDx

Elbow, Wrist, Hand

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. Medial epicondyle
  2. Ulnar groove
  3. Wrist flexors
  4. Pronator teres
  5. Lateral epicondyle
  6. Wrist extensors
  7. Thumb extensors
  8. Interossei
  9. Thenar/hypothenar pad
  10. Carpal tunnel
  11. Tunnel of Guyon (ulnar)
  12. Anatomic snuff box
  13. Metacarpals 1-5
  14. Thumb (#1)
  15. Finger (#2-5)
  16. Scaphoid
  17. Lunate, Triquetrum
  18. Pisiform
  19. Dorsal (Lister’s) tubercle
  20. Trapezium, Trapezoid
  21. Capitate
  22. Hamate (hook)
  23. Ulnar/radial styloids
  24. Triangular fibrocartilage
  25. Collateral ligaments
  1. Flexion 80-90°
  2. Extension 70-90°
  3. Ulnar Flexion 30-45°
  4. Radial Flexion 15°
  5. Supination 85°-90°
  6. Pronation 85°-90°
  7. Fingers
    1. Flexion (2-5 MCP) 90°
    2. Extension (MP) 40°
    3. Abduction 20°
    4. Adduction 20°
  8. PIP joint
    1. Flexion 100°
    2. Extension 0°
  9. DIP joint
    1. Flexion 80°
    2. Extension 10°
  1. Pronator Teres
  2. Flexor Carpi Radialis
  3. Palmaris Longus
  4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  5. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
  6. Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  7. Flexor Pollicis Longus
  8. Pronator Quadratus
  9. Brachioradialis
  10. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
  11. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
  12. Extensor Digitorum
  13. Extensor Digiti Minimi
  14. Anconeus
  15. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
  16. Supinator
  17. Abductor Pollicis Longus
  18. Extensor Pollicis Brevis
  19. Extensor Pollicis Longus
  20. Extensor Indicis
  21. Thenar Muscles
  22. Hypothenar Muscles
  23. Central Hand Muscles
  1. Valgus stress test
  2. Varus stress test
  3. Tinel’s at the elbow
  4. Cozen’s test
  5. Mill’s test
  6. Pronator teres test
  7. Finkelstein’s test
  8. Phalen’s test
  9. Retinacular test
  10. Tinel’s Sign
  11. Reverse Phalen’s test
  12. Froments Sign
  13. Allen test
  14. Cap refill test
  15. Load test for TFCC
  1. Carpal tunnel syndrome
  2. Lateral epicondylitis
  3. Toddler’s elbow
  4. Elbow osteochondritis
  5. Lateral epicondylitis
  6. Medial epicondylitis
  7. Olecranon bursitis
  8. de Quervain’s
  9. Thumb (UCL) tear
  10. Wrist sprain
  11. Carpal instability
  12. Scaphoid fracture
  13. Lunate dislocation
  14. Triangular fibrocart. tear
  15. Ganglion cyst
  16. Dupuytren contracture

Clinic Form DDx

Hip & Thigh

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. TFL/ Iliotibial band (ITB)
  2. SI joint
  3. Sacrotub./spinous lig.
  4. Greater trochanter
  5. Ischial tuberosity
  6. L-spine/sacrum
  7. Gluteus max./med.
  8. Piriformis
  9. Sciatic nerve
  10. Hamstrings
  11. Popliteal fossa
  12. Gastrocnemius heads
  13. ASIS/iliac crest
  14. Iliopsoas
  15. Pubic symphysis
  16. Inguinal lig./nodes
  17. Femoral triangle & artery
  18. Adductor muscles
  19. Abdomen
  20. Quadriceps
  21. Patella (facets, bursa)
  22. Patellar ligament
  23. Tibial tuberosity
  24. Pes anserine
  25. Med./lat. knee joint/meniscus
  26. Med./lat. femoral condyle
  27. Medial & lateral collateral ligs.
  1. Flexion (straight leg) ~90°
  2. Flexion (bent knee) ~120°
  3. Extension 10-15°
  4. Abduction 30-50°
  5. Adduction 30°
  6. Medial rotation 30-40°
  7. Lateral rotation 40-60°

Hip & Thigh

Anatomy

Palpation

ROM

Muscle Testing

  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Gluteus Medius
  3. Gluteus Minimus
  4. Piriformis
  5. Superior & Inferior Gemellus
  6. Obturator Internus
  7. Obturator Externus
  8. Quadratus Femoris
  9. Psoas Major & Minor
  10. Iliacus
  11. Tensor Fasciae Latae
  12. Sartorius
  13. Rectus Femoris
  14. Vastus Lateralis
  15. Vastus Intermedius
  16. Vastus Medialis
  17. Pectineus
  18. Adductor Longus & Brevis
  19. Gracilis
  20. Adductor Magnus
  21. Semitendinosus
  22. Semimembranosus
  23. Biceps Femoris

Hip & Thigh

Anatomy

Palpation

ROM

Muscle Testing

Special Tests

  1. Allis/Skyline view
  2. Gaenslen-Thomas test
  3. Hibbs (prone gapping)
  4. Leg length discrepancy
  5. Nachla’s/Ely’s test
  6. Noble’s compression test
  7. Ober’s test
  8. Ortolani click
  9. Patrick’s test
  10. Piriformis test
  11. Scouring test (Quadrant)
  12. SI joint play (AS & PI)
  13. Trendelenburg test
  14. Yeoman’s test
  1. Acetabular labral tear
  2. Avascular necrosis hip
  3. Femoral/Inguinal hernia
  4. Groin strain
  5. Hamstring strain
  6. Hip DJD
  7. Legg-Calve-Perthes
  8. Myositis ossificans
  9. Slipped femoral epiphysis
  10. Snapping hip
  11. Transient hip synovitis

Clinic Form DDx

Knee

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. Flexion 130°-150°
  2. Extension 0-15°
  3. Medial rotation* 20-30°
  4. Lateral rotation* 30-40°

* knee must be flexed 90º to allow rotation

  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Tensor Fasciae Latae
  3. Sartorius
  4. Rectus Femoris
  5. Vastus Lateralis
  6. Vastus Intermedius
  7. Vastus Medialis
  8. Gracilis
  9. Adductor Magnus
  10. Semitendinosus
  11. Semimembranosus
  12. Biceps Femoris
  1. Valgus/Varus stress test
  2. Lachman’s test
  3. Anterior/posterior drawer
  4. Apley’s comp./dist. test
  5. Apley’s distraction test
  6. Bounce home test
  7. Patellar apprehension
  8. Patellar grind test
  9. Clark’s test
  10. McMurray’s test
  11. Nobel’s test
  12. Rinne test (knee)
  13. Disco/Thessaly test
  1. ACL Sprain or PCL Sprain
  2. MCL Sprain or LCL Sprain
  3. Meniscus tear
  4. Chondromalacia patellae
  5. Iliotibial band syndrome
  6. Osteochondritis dissecans
  7. Osgood Schlatter’s
  8. Patella dislocation
  9. Tibila stress fracture

Clinic Form DDx

Leg, Ankle & Foot

  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Osteology
  3. Arthrology
  4. Myology
  5. Blood vessels
  6. Lymphatics
  7. Neurology & senses
  8. Organs (viscera)
  9. Image library
  1. Tibial tuberosity & fibular head
  2. Tibial crest & knee joint line
  3. Lat./Med. malleolus
  4. Navicular (tuberosity)
  5. Cuboid & cuneiforms
  6. Talus (head, neck, trochlea)
  7. Calcaneus
  8. Sustentaculum tali
  9. Metatarsals
  10. Phalanges (MP / PIP / DIP joints)
  11. Sinus tarsi
  12. Ant. talofibular lig.
  13. Calcaneofibular lig.
  14. Post. talofibular lig.
  15. Spring ligament
  16. Deltoid ligament
  17. Subtalar joint
  18. Midtarsal joint
  19. Tarsometatarsal joints
  20. Gastrocnemius/soleus
  21. Achilles tendon
  22. TDH muscles (Tib post, flex Digi & Hal)
  23. Tarsal tunnel (tibial nerve)
  24. Fibularis L., B. & tertius muscles
  25. Tib. ant., EHL, EDL muscles
  26. Plantar fascia & muscles
  27. Tibial & dorsal pedal pulse
  1. Plantar flexion 50°
  2. Dorsiflexion 20°
  3. Inversion 45-60°
  4. Eversion 15-30°
  5. Metatarsophalangeal
  6. MTP – Flexion 75°
  7. MTP – Extension 35°
  1. Tibialis Anterior
  2. Extensor Digitorum Longus
  3. Extensor Hallucis Longus
  4. Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
  5. Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
  6. Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis
  7. Gastrocnemius
  8. Soleus
  9. Plantaris
  10. Popliteus
  11. Tibialis Posterior
  12. Flexor Digitorum Longus
  13. Flexor Hallucis Longus
  14. Dorsal Foot Muscles
  15. Intrinsic Foot Muscles
  1. Anterior/Posterior drawer
  2. Dorsiflexion test
  3. Homan’s sign
  4. Tinel’s (peroneal nerves)
  5. Thompson’s Squeeze test
  6. Rigid supple pes planus
  7. Talar tilt test
  8. Metatarsal squeeze test
  9. Tibial Torsion test
  1. Inversion ankle sprain
  2. Compartment syndrome
  3. Deep vein thrombosis
  4. Varicose veins
  5. Achilles tendonitis
  6. Morton’s neuroma
  7. Metatarsal stress Fx
  8. Plantar fascitis
  9. Over pronation syndrome

Clinic Form DDx